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A
glossary of Hindu terms |
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are here >> Glossary >>
Hindu Glossary |
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The
origins of Hinduism are lost in the mists of time. Many of the terms
in Hinduism are also found in Buddhism and Sikhism though they may
have different meanings. Proper names and place names are only included
in this list if variant forms are commonly used. |
Note:
The main references are from Sanskrit
terminology, though the main variants
are also given, though one form is used for Lakshmi, Vishnu because
of the frequency of occurrence. |
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A
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Acharya |
Acarya |
One
who teaches by example. Usually refers to a prominent
or exemplary spiritual leader. |
Advaita |
Adwaita |
Non-dual.
Refers to the impersonalistic philosophy which unqualifyingly
equates God, the soul and matter. |
Ahimsa |
Ahinsa |
Not
killing. Non-violence; respect for life. |
Arjuna |
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One
of the central characteristics of the Mahabarata.
He is the leader for whom Krishna
is charioteer in the Bhagavad Gita. |
Artha |
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Economic
development. The second aim of life. |
Arti |
Arati |
Welcoming
ceremony in which auspicious articles such as incense and
lamps are offered to the deity or to saintly people. |
Aryan |
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Noble.
Refers to those who know the spiritual values of life. Scholars
say it refers to the original inhabitants of the Sindu region
in India. |
Ashram |
Asram |
A
place set up for spiritual development. |
Ashrama |
Asrama |
A
stage of life (of which there are four) adopted according
to material considerations, but ultimately as a means to spiritual
realisation. |
Atharva
Veda |
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The
fourth of the Vedas. |
Atman |
Atma |
Self.
Can refer to body, mind or soul, depending on context. Ultimately,
it refers to the real self, the soul. |
Aum |
Om |
The
sacred symbol and sound representing the ultimate; the most
scared of Hindu words. |
Avatar |
Avatara,
Avtara |
One
who descends. Refers to the descent of a deity, most
commonly Vishnu. Sometimes it is translated
as incarnation which, although inaccurate, may
be the best English word available. |
Ayodhya |
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Birthplace
of Rama |
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B |
Bhagavad
Gita |
|
The
Song of the Lord. Spoken by Krishna,
this is the most important scripture for most Hindus. Tradition
dates it back to 3000 BCE, though most scholars attribute
it to the first millennium BCE. Considered an Upanishad. |
Bhajan |
Bhajana |
Devotional
hymn or song. |
Bhakti |
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Devotion;
love. Devotional form of Hinduism. |
Bhakti-yoga |
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The
path of loving devotion, aimed at developing pure love of
God. |
Brahma |
|
A
Hindu deity, considered one of the Trimurti,
and in charge of creative power; not be to be confused with
Brahman or Brahmin. |
Brahmachari |
Brahmacari,
Brahmacharin |
One
in the first stage of life, a celibate student of Vedic knowledge. |
Brahmacharya |
Brahmacarya
Brahma ch(c)ari |
The
first ashrama or stage of life. |
Brahman |
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The
ultimate reality, or the all pervading reality; that from
which everything comes, in which it rests and into which it
will eventually go. |
Brahmin |
Brahman,
Brahmana |
The
first of the four varnas, the principal
social groupings from which priests are drawn. Some writers,
rather confusingly, use the spelling Brahman and the meaning
only become clear in context. See also Brahman
and Brahma |
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C |
Chamar |
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Member
of a 'scheduled class' untouchable or outcaste whose occupation
has to do with tanning leather. |
Chandala |
Candala |
General
term for an untouchable or outcaste. |
Chela |
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Disciple
of a guru. |
Chuhra |
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An
untouchable or outcaste whose occupation is a sweeper. |
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D |
Darshan
Shastras |
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Six
systems of Hindu Philosophy - Nyaya, Vaisheshika, Sankhya,
Yoga, Vedanta and Meemansa. |
Dassehra |
Dussehra,
Dassera, Dashara (and others) |
Ten
days. Also called Vijay Dashami.
Celebrates the victory of Rama on
the tenth day of the bright half of the lunar month of Jyeshtha.
As is often the case with Hindu festivals, followers may interpret
the festival differently, e.g. in connection with Durga
(see Navaratri). |
Dharma |
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Religion
or religious duty is the usual translation into
English, but literally it means the intrinsic quality
of the self or that which sustains one's existence. |
Dhoti |
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A
garment made of natural fibre (usually cotton or silk), worn
by males, which covers the lower body and legs. |
Dhyana |
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Meditation. |
Diva |
Dipa |
Light;
usually a small lamp using ghee. |
Divali |
Diwali,
Dipavali, Deepavali (and
others) |
The
festival of lights at the end of one year and the beginning
of the new year, according to one Hindu calendar. |
Durga |
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Female
deity. A form of the goddess Parvarti;
wife of Shiva. |
Dvaita |
Dwaita |
Dual.
Refers to the personalistic philosophy that differentiates
between God, the soul and matter. |
Dwarka |
Dvarka,
Dvaraka, Dwaraka |
Pilgrimage
site on the west coast of India. |
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E |
No
entries |
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F |
No
entries |
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G |
Gandhi |
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20th
century spiritual and political leader. |
Ganesha |
Ganesh,
Ganupati, Ganapati |
A
Hindu deity portrayed with an elephant's head - a sign of
strength. The deity who removes obstacles. |
Ganga |
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The
Ganges. Most famous of all sacred rivers of India. |
Gangotri |
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Source
of the river Ganges. |
Gotra |
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A
group with Jati (caste) who force
their members to marry outside the group. |
Grihastha |
Gristhi,
Grhastha |
The
second stage of Hindu life; one who belongs to that stage;
i.e. the householder (grihasti) |
Guna |
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Rope;
quality. Specifically refers to the three qualities
of sattva (goodness), rajas
(passion) and tamas (ignorance), which
permeates and control matter. |
Guru |
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Spiritual
teacher, preceptor or enlightener. |
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H |
Hanuman |
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The
monkey warrior who faithfully served Rama
and Sita. Also called Pavansuta (son
of the wind God). |
Havan |
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Also
known as Agnihotra. The basis of many Hindu rituals used at
weddings and on other ceremonial occasions; the ceremony or
act of worship in which offerings of ghee and grains are made
into fire. |
Havan
kund |
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The
container, usually square or pyramid-shaped, in which the
havan fire is burned. |
Hitopadesh |
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Stories
with a moral |
Holi |
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The
festival of colours, celebrated in Spring. |
Homa |
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Term
often used interchangeably with havan. |
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I |
ISKCON |
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The
International Society
for Krishna Consciousness |
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J |
Janeu |
Jenoi |
Sacred
thread worn by Hindus who study under a guru. |
Janmashtami |
Janmashtmi |
The
birthday of Krishna, celebrated on
the eight day of the waning moon in the month of Badra. |
Japa |
Jap |
The
quiet or silent repetition of a mantra
as a meditative process. |
Jati |
|
Caste
is the usual translation meaning occupational kinship group. |
Jnana |
Gyan |
Knowledge |
Jnana-yoga |
Gyan-yoga |
The
path of knowledge, that aims at liberation. |
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K |
Kali |
Kaali |
Name
given to that power of God which delivers justice - often
represented by the Goddess Kali (a from of Durga). |
Kali
yuga |
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The
fourth of the ages; the iron age or the age of quarreling
and hypocrisy. |
Kama |
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The
third of the four aims of life - regulated sense of enjoyment. |
Karma |
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Action.
Used of work to refer to the law of cause and effect. |
Karma-yoga |
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The
path of self-realisation through dedicating the fruits of
one's work to God. |
Kirtan |
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Songs
of praise; corporate devotional singing, usually accompanied
by musical instruments. |
Krishna |
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Usually
considered an avatar of Vishnu.
One of the most popular of all Hindu deities in contemporary
Britain. His teachings are found in the Bhagavad
Gita. |
Kshatriya |
Khatri |
Second
of the four varnas of traditional
Hindu society, the ruling or warrior class. |
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L |
Lakshmi |
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The
goddess of fortune. |
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M |
Mahabharata |
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The
Hindu epic that relates the story of the five Pandava princes.
It includes the Bhagavad Gita. |
Mala |
Maala |
Circle
of stringed beads of wood or wool used in meditation. |
Mandala |
Mandal |
A
circle, area or community / group. |
Mandir |
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Temple |
Mantra |
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That
which delivers the mind. Refers to a short sacred text or
prayer, often recited repetitiously. |
Manusmriti |
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The
laws of Manu. An ancient and important text on Dharma, including personal and social laws. |
Marg |
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Path.
(see Jnana yoga, Karma yoga
and Bhakti yoga) |
Mata |
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Mother.
Often associated with Hindu goddesses who represent shakti
power. |
Mathura |
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Holy
place associated with Krishna. |
Maya |
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Not
this. Usually, it refers to illusion, partially where
the permanent soul identifies itself with temporary matter.
e.g. the body, etc. It can also mean power. |
Moksha |
Moksa |
Ultimate
liberation from the process of transmigration, the continuous
cycle of birth and death. |
Mundan |
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The
head shaving ceremony. Performed in the first or third year
of life. |
Murti |
Moorti |
form.
The image or deity used as a focus of worship. 'Idol' is the
wrong word and 'statue' may cause offense. |
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N |
Navarati |
Navarata |
The
Nine Nights Festival preceding Dassehra,
and held in honour of the goddess Durga. |
Nirvana |
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The
cessation of material existence. |
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O |
No
entries |
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P |
Panchatantra |
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Part
of the supplementary Vedic scriptures, composed of animal
stories with a moral. |
Parvati |
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The
consort of Shiva, also known by other
names such as Durga, Devi, etc.. |
Prahlada |
Prahalada |
A
great devotee of Vishnu, connected
with the festival of Holi. |
Pranayam |
Pranayama |
Regulation
of breath as a means of controlling the mind. |
Prashad |
Prasad,
Prasada, Prashada |
Sacred
or sanctified food. |
Pravachan |
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A
lecture or talk, usually based on the scriptures. |
Puja |
Pooja |
Worship.
General term referring to a variety of practices in the home
or Mandir. |
Purana |
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Ancient. Part
of the Smriti scriptures. Contains
many of the well-known Hindu stories. |
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Q |
No
entries |
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R |
Raja
Yoga |
Raj
Yoga |
Path
of self-control and meditation to realise God. |
Rajas |
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Passion
or creative potency, one of the three gunas
(qualities of material nature). |
Rakhi |
Raakhi |
A
bracelet, usually made out of silk or cotton, tied to give
protection and to strengthen the bond of mutual love. |
Raksha
Bandhan |
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The
festival when woman tie a decorative bracelet on their brothers'
wrists. |
Rama |
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The
incarnation of the Lord, and hero of the Ramayama.
(Avoid using the variant 'Ram' for obvious reasons. |
Ramayana |
Ramayan |
The
Hindu epic that relates the story of Rama and Sita. composed by the
sage Valmiki thousands of years ago. |
Ramnavami |
Ramnavmi |
The
birthday festival of Rama. |
Rig
Veda |
Rg
or Rc Veda |
The
first scripture of Hinduism, containing spiritual and scientific
knowledge. |
Rishi |
Rsi,
risi |
A
spiritually wise person. More specifically, one of the seven
seers who received the divine wisdom. |
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S |
Sadhana |
Sadhan |
One's
regulated spiritual practices or discipline. |
Sadhu |
Saddhu |
Holy
man, ascetic. |
Sama
Veda |
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The
Veda of chanting; material mainly
from the Rig Veda, arranged for ritual
chanting in worship. |
Samsara |
Sansara |
The
world - the place where transmigration (the soul's passage
through a series of lives in different species) occurs. |
Samskar |
Sanskar,
Samskara |
Sacraments
designed to initiate a new stage of life. There is usually
a total of sixteen such rites of passage (though many schools
of thought do not practice them all). |
Sanatan
Dharma |
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The
eternal or imperishable religion; also known as Vedi Dharma.
Adherents often prefer this term to Hinduism since it characterises
their belief in the revealed and universal nature of religion. |
Sannyasa |
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The
state of renunciation, the forth stage of life. |
Sannyasin |
Samyasin,
Samnyasin |
A
renuciate who, having given up worldly affairs and attachments,
has entered the forth stage of life, often as a mendicant. |
Sanskrit |
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Sacred
language of the Hindu scriptures. |
Saraswati |
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The
power of knowledge, often represented by the goddess Saraswati,
the goddess of learning. |
Sattva |
Sattwa |
Goodness,
or the potency to sustain and nourish; one of the three gunas. |
Seva |
Sewa |
Service,
either to the divine or to humanity. |
Shaivism |
Saivism |
The
religion of Hindus who are devotees of Shiva. |
Shakti |
Sakti |
Energy
or power, especially of a Hindu feminine deity. |
Shiva |
Siva
(many variants) |
A
Hindu god. The name means kindly or auspicious. |
Shivarati |
Sivaratri |
The
annual festival celebrated in February / March in honour of
Shiva. Also called Manashivaratri. |
Shraddha |
Sraddha |
Ceremony
in which Sanctified food is offered to the poor and needy
in memory of departed ancestors. |
Shri |
Sri |
Illustrious.
Used as a title of respect, e.g. Shri Krishna. Also a respectable
title for men. The feminine form is Shrimati (Mrs). |
Shruti |
Srti |
That
which is remembered. Applicable to Hindu scripture
other than the Vedas. |
Sita |
Seeta |
The
divine consort of Rama. |
Smriti |
Srti,
Shruti |
That
which is heard. A term specifically applied to the
four Vedas, including the Upanishads.
Some Hindus believe that Smriti is subservient to Shruti
but others consider it to have equal importance. |
Sutra |
Sutta |
Short
sayings or verses relating to various rituals, or encapsulating
profound philosophical meanings. |
Swami |
Svami |
Controller.
Sometimes, more specifically, Goswami (one who can control
his/her senses). An honourific title applied to a
religious teacher or holy person, particularly a sannyasin. |
Swastika |
Svastika |
From
the Sanskrit for well-being; a mark
of good fortune. The four arms signify the four directions
(space), the four Vedas (knowledge)
and the four stages (time) in the life cycle. Not to be confused
with the Nazi symbol. |
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T |
Tamas |
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Ignorance
or destructive potency; the lowest of the three gunas. |
Trimurti |
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The
three deities. Refers to Brahma, Vishu and Shiva, who personify and control the three gunas.
They represent and control the three functions of creation,
preservation and destruction. This is not the same
as the idea of Trinity, which should not be used. |
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U |
Upaayana |
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Ceremony
when the sacred thread is tied - to mark the start of learning
with a guru. |
Upanishad |
Upanisad |
To
sit down near. A sacred text based on the teaching
of a guru to a disciple. The Upanishads
explain the teachings of the Vedas. |
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V |
Vaishnavism |
Vaisnavism |
The
religion of Hindus who are devotees of the god Vishnu. |
Vaishya |
Vaisya |
The
third of the four varna of Hindu society,
composed of merchants and farmers. |
Vanaprastha |
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The
third stage of life, typified by retirement and asceticism. |
Vanaprasthi |
Vanaprastha |
Forest
dweller. One who is in the third stage of life. |
Varanasi |
Banares,
Benares, Kashi, Kasi |
City
of the river Ganges, sacred to Shiva.
It is one of the holiest pilgrimage sites and also an ancient
center of learning. |
Varna |
|
Colour.
The four principal divisions of Hindu society. It is important
to note that the word 'caste' refers strictly to sub-divisond
within each varna, and not to varnas
themselves. |
Varnashrama |
Varnasrama
Dharma |
The
system whereby society is divided into four varnas
(divisions), and life into four ashramas
(stages). |
Varsha
Pratipada |
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The
day of Creation, celebrated as New Year's Day by many Hindus. |
Veda |
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Knowledge.
Specifically refers to the four Vedas,
through any teaching which is consistent with the conclusions
of these scriptures is also accepted as Vedic. |
Vijay
Dashmi |
Vijaya
Dashami |
Another
name for Dassehra. |
Vishnu |
Visnu |
A
Hindu god. With Brahma and Shiva
forms the Trimurti. |
Vrat |
Vratam |
Vow.
Often included abstention from certain foods. |
Vrindavan |
Brindavan,
Vrindavana, Brindaban |
The
sacred village connected with Krishna's
pastimes as a youth. |
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W |
No
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XYZ |
Yajur
Veda |
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One
of the four Vedas, dealing with the
knowledge of karma. |
Yamuna |
Jamuna,
Jumna |
Tributary
of the river Ganga (Ganges), considered
by many Hindus to be the most sacred of all holy rivers. |
Yatra |
Jatra |
Pilgrimage.
Usually to the most important sacred place in India. |
Yoga |
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Communion;
union of the soul with the Supreme, or a process which promotes
that relationship. The English word 'yoke' is derived from
yoga. |
Yuga |
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Age,
or extended period of time, of which there are four. |
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